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Obesity is a pathological condition in which excessive body fat accumulated leading adverse effect on health and life expectancy. [1]. Obesity is a chronic disorder with complex interaction between genetic and environmental factor. It characterized by high cholesterol, high fatty acid level, imbalance of metabolic energy, insulin desensitization, gallstone, high blood presser, shortness of breath, emotional and social problem and excessive adipose mass accumulation with hyperplasia and hypertrophy.[2]. In the present study method that had been used for preventing weight gain by meal, replacement and given some quantitative dose of millet, at one time dinner. So in this method level of compliance is better by giving the nutrient intake food, to controlled calories density of the body of patient, which enhances effect of weight loss
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The Functional endoscopic sinus surgery through transnasal approach is a common modality of treatment for disorders of the nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses as well as cranial cavity. The olfactory fossa (OF) is located along the superior aspect of cribriform plate which varies in shape and depth. This variable measurement of the depth of OF is mostly responsible for greater risk of intracranial infiltration during endoscopic procedures in and around the nasal cavity. The morphology of frontal and ethmoid sinus (ES) vary from simple to complex. This cadaveric study is planned to improve the ability of the otolaryngologist, radiologist to understand the possible morphological variations and plan steps of less invasive “precision surgery” to have a safe and complication free procedures. A total of 37 human head regions were included in the study. For classification of OF, Modified Kero’s classification was used. The size, shape and cells of frontal and ES were noted.We found, type II (60.8%) OF was more common followed by type I (29.7%) than type III (9.5%). The shape of frontal sinus was comma shaped (55.4%) followed by oval (18.9%) than irregular (16.2%). Most common two cells type of ES was seen in 50.0% of both anterior and posterior ES. Out of 74 ES, 8.1% of Onodi cells and 14.9% of agger nasi cells were seen.
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Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The prevalence of NAFLD varies depending on population studied and type of diagnostic tools used to screen or diagnose the patients. There is a strong relationship between metabolic syndrome components and NAFLD prevalence. This study aims to understand the prevalence of NAFLD along with the associated risk factors and their interaction with other comorbidities among people living with diabetes in Indian context. Materials and methods: It is a retrospective, observational study based on data retrieved from electronic medical records (EMRs) of people living with diabetes from more than 250 individual diabetes centers located in more than 30 cities across 14 states in India. Medical records of 171,996 adults living with diabetes were included in the analysis. The assessment of prevalence of NAFLD in diabetes was done using algorithm based on alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Results: Overall, 44.48% of people living with diabetes were found to have NAFLD. A significantly higher proportion of males (58.64%) had NAFLD compared to females (36.91%) (p<0.001). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence was >50% in seven of the states. People living with diabetes along with dyslipidemia and hypertension had a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD (p<0.001). Obesity (57.1%), dyslipidemia (59.1%), and hypertriglyceridemia (42.3%) had significantly higher odds of NAFLD among people living with diabetes. Conclusion: This study highlighted high-risk categories for NAFLD in diabetes, like young, obese, hypertriglyceridemia, poor glycemic control, etc. This information will help health care providers in prioritizing screening among high-risk diabetes population.
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Background: Physicians who smoke are less likely to ask patients about their smoking and initiate cessation interventions. Hence it is important to study the prevalence of tobacco use, attitude and training of health professional students. Objectives were to study prevalence and attitudes towards tobacco use and training related to tobacco cessation.Methods: Armed Forces Medical college-based cross-sectional survey by anonymous, self-administered questionnaire as per Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) was conducted. Data was compiled and analyzed for various variables as per the GHPSS questionnaire.Results: Forty-two percent of the students had ever smoked cigarettes and 24% were current smokers. Nearly one in five had tried their first cigarette before 20 years of age. Male gender was associated with smoking. There is a significant association between not smoking and support for smoking ban in public places. Almost all the respondents (98.1%) thought smoking should be banned in all enclosed public places. In light of 20.6% of all respondents who smoked in college buildings during past this year indicated a gap between their knowledge, attitude and behavior. There was a strong desire to quit smoking but only 42% reported receiving help/ advice to stop smoking. Only one in ten reported receiving formal training in smoking cessation techniques.Conclusions: The fight against tobacco can get a boost through interventions aimed at health care professional students. Active Interventions should be made to address smoking issues among medical students. Skill based medical school curriculum should incorporate and emphasize on acquiring effective smoking cessation skills.
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Ingestion of corrosive substances and chronic sequelae associated with it is the major public health problem in the developing countries. The most severe forms of injury can lead to mortality; however, the major concern with this type of injury in life-long morbidity. Colonic conduit for bypassing diseased oesophagus with distal anastomosis with stomach is well documented and practiced procedure. Authors have encountered a case of 21-year-old lady with corrosive injuries to oesophagus and stomach, later developed non dilatable oesophageal stricture with completely cicatrised and adherent stomach. Due to unavailability of stomach, authors have used colon as a conduit and colo-jejunal anastomosis bypassing the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. Colo-jejunal anastomosis for chronic corrosive oesophageal stricture is not commonly practiced procedure which makes this case a rare one.
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Introduction: Bleeding and thrombotic complications arehigh possibility in CKD. The present study was conductedto evaluate the platelets indices in patients on haemodialysishaving Type 2 diabetes with CKD as compared to diabeticpatients without CKD.Material and methods: 100 patients of ckd with diabetesand 100 patients of diabetes without ckd were studied over aperiod of seven months. The coagulation profile and plateletindices were compared. The coagulation profile and plateletindices were also compared in ckd patients before and afterdialysis.Results: Increase in platelet indices mainly MPV and PlateletDistribution Width (PDW) with significant p-value 0.003 and0.005 respectively in study group. PT and APTT both wereincreased in study group with significant p-value of 0.003.Platelet count improved but MPV and PDW values wereslightly decreased with p-value < 0.005. PT showed not muchdifference whereas APTT values were higher compare to postdialysis with p-value<0.007.Conclusion: Basic coagulation profile like PT and APTT andMPV can predict long term complications of diabetic plateletson haemodialysis and these should be monitored in CKDpatients.
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Background: There are numerous causes of epilepsy. A neuroimaging study should be done to exclude a structural brain abnormality. The present study was undertaken to find the role of Computed Tomography (CT) scan in patients presenting to our hospital with seizure disorders. Methods: Adult patients who presented to our hospital with history of seizures underwent non-contrast CT scan. Assessment of a radiologist were noted. Results: A total of 90 patients were included, 51% had Simple Partial Seizure (SPS), 21% had Complex Partial Seizure and 28% had Generalized Tonic Clonic (GTC) type. No abnormality was found in 37.8% of the patients. Space occupying lesions were diagnosed in 24.4% of the patients, vascular lesions in eight patients, gliosis and encephalitis in seven patients each, tumours and trauma related lesions in six and four patients respectively. Half of all SPS were localised to the frontal lobe. CPS were similarly distributed in the frontal and occipital, had more than one lobe involvement and included bilateral cerebral hemispheres. GTC more commonly involved occipital lobe than frontal or parietal lobe. More than one lobe involvement or bilateral cerebral hemispheres were most common in GTC, as compared to SPS or CPS. Space occupying lesions manifested mainly as SPS or CPS, and none as GTC. Vascular lesions presented as partial seizures only. In those with a normal CT appearance, SPS was most common. Conclusions: CT scan provides an easier and cheaper means to diagnose a number of organic lesions which may cause seizure disorders
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Solitary fibrous tumour is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm diagnosis of which is difficult because of non-specific clinical and radiological features. A 76 year old male presented with complaints of nausea and vomiting. Physical examination revealed firm mass in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium. CT scan revealed a heterogeneous, lobed and some vascularized mass of size 17.6 x 12.8 cm, situated in the right lobe. After surgery the mass was found to measure 19 cm x 13 cm x 10 cm. Histopathological examination found the tumour cells to be strongly positive for vimentin and CD34, confirming our diagnosis. Microscopic examination revealed haphazard arrangement of spindle cells and collagen bundles between the tumour cells with mild nuclear pleomorphism, and the mitotic count was 0-1/10 high power field. The post-operative course was uncomplicated and the patient was discharged home. After 16 months of follow up examinations, there was no recurrence of disease, local or distant metastasis and the patient remained asymptomatic. The clinical presentation and the radiological imaging can be very non-specific. Suggestive features on CT scan are a single, large, well-circumscribed, heterogeneously enhancing hepatic mass.
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Background: Intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common clinical sign seen due to chronic foetal hypoxemia and is considered a major contributor of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the sensitivity and specificity of umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI and cerebral perfusion ratio (CPR) in predicting adverse and poor perinatal outcomes in fetuses with IUGR.Methods: The study included 100 pregnant women with post 24 weeks of gestation with clinical history of IUGR. Doppler examination parameters, including waveforms and measurements, of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery were recorded. The Cerebral Perfusion Ratio (CPR) was calculated from MCA PI and UA PI and a final comparison of accuracy of Doppler indices was done with perinatal outcome.Results: The sensitivity of the UA PI was higher (49.3%) than that of the MCA PI (43.6%) and the CPR (37.7%). The specificity of the CPR was higher (87.1%) than that of the MCA PI (83.9%) and the UA PI (74.2%).Conclusions: From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that UA PI is the most sensitive and CPR is the most specific parameter in predicting adverse perinatal outcomes in IUGR fetuses. Thus, in addition to pulsatility indices, CPR should be used as a tool for surveillance and included in the routine reporting formats of obstetric Doppler studies.
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Mercury is a heavy metal known for its toxicity and noted for inducing public health disasters in Minamata Bay, Japan, and Iraq. The toxic effects of mercury can either be acute and extremely severe or can manifest very subtly over a long period. Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old gentleman presented with complaints of sudden loss consciousness. On further evaluation and radiological examination, the patient had features suggestive of encephalopathy with a suspected foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract. Foreign body was found to be elemental mercury with elevated serum mercury levels. He was managed conservatively with chelation therapy with dimercaprol and prokinetic drugs such as polyethylene glycol which lead to the advancement of foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract on repeated abdominal x-rays with subsequent complete clearance.
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Panicle traits are the most important agronomic characters which directly relate to yield in rice. Panicle length (PL) being one of the major components of rice panicle structure is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In our research, conducted at Research Farm of SKUAST-J, crosses of parental lines K343 and DHMAS were made for generating F2 mapping population, which were then transplanted into the field using augmented design-I. The F2 population was used for phenotypic evaluation, development of linkage map and identification of QTLs on the chromosomes by using SSR markers. A total of 450 SSR markers were used for screening both the parents of which 53 highly polymorphic markers were selected and used for genotyping of 233 genotypes of F2population. Linkage map was generated using MAPMAKER/EXP3.0 software, seven linkage groups were found distributed on 11 chromosomes of rice. QTLs were detected using QTL Cartographer (v2.5) software. Based on 1000 permutation tests, a logarithm of odds (LOD) threshold value 2.0 and 3.0 was set. Composite interval mapping was used to map QTLs in populations derived from bi-parental crosses. The phenotypic data, genotypic data and the genetic linkage map generated identified total three QTLs of which one was identified for PL qPL2, located at 85.01 cM position with 2.1 LOD value and in between the marker intervals RM324–RM208, this QTL explained the phenotype variation by 4.36%. The other two QTLs were identified for spikelet density (SD) qSD3.1 and qSD3.2, located at 28.91 and 39.51 cM, respectively, both with a flanking marker RM6832 on chromosome 3. The LOD value and phenotypic variation explained for qSD3.1 and qSD3.2 was 3.00 and 3.25; 9.70 and 12.34% respectively. The reported QTLs identified in the study suggested a less diversity in the parents used and also the rejection of not so useful markers from the used set of markers for PL and SD.
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Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is progressive loss ofglycemic control over a period of time. So the purpose of thepresent study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety ofthe Sitagliptin as an ‘add-on’ to the ongoing drug therapy inpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).Material and Methods: It was a randomized, retrospectivepopulation based cohort study done in 259 patients for 36weeks from July’12 – March’13. Patients were randomlydivided into 2 groups. In 1st group, sitagliptin was added andno ongoing drug was withdrawn while in 2nd group sitagliptinwas added and dose of ongoing therapy was reduced to half.Results: The primary efficacy endpoint was reduction inglycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting blood sugar, and 2hour post prandial blood sugar evaluated after 4, 8, 12, 18 and36 weeks. A better glycemic control was observed in 1st groupthan 2nd. Sitagliptin was well tolerated without side effects.Conclusion: Addition of Sitagliptin 100mg once daily as‘add-on’ drug therapy was well tolerated with significantglycemic control in T2DM after 36 weeks.
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Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is common haematologicalfinding with different specific etiologies. The aim ofpresent study was to find clinicopathological correlation ofthrombocytopenia in adults by causes, severity and clinicalpresentation.Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional studydone for a period of 6 months. After clinical profile laboratorydata and complications of patients with a platelet count of lessthan 1,50,000 were analyzed and tabulated.Results: The total sample size was 135 with 95(70.37%) malesand 40 (29.63%) females. Out of 135 patients, 32(23.70%)were diagnosed dengue. Malaria was found in 20% patients.Most cases were presented with fever(56%) followed bybodyache (40.74%), joint pain(33.33%), bleeding (17.03%)and hepatosplenomegaly(15.55%).Conclusion: Infectious diseases were the most common causeof thrombocytopenia out of which dengue was commonestfollowed by malaria and typhoid. Early recognition anddiagnosis of cause of thrombocytopenia can avoid bleedingmanifestations and serious complications.
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Objective:To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of andrographolide, a plant derived compound, against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection.Methods:Using flow cytometry and immunoblotting assay, in vitro viral protein expression was studied in THP-1 cells line. In Balb/c mouse neonates, viral RNA copy number was determined by real time PCR.Results:The results showed reduced CHIKV protein expression on andrographolide treatment in CHIKV-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Vero cells and THP-1 cell line. In vivo, andrographolide treatment to CHIKV-infected neonates reduced viral RNA copy number. Further, andrographolide also increased cytotoxic T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Andrographolide also activated host innate immune pathways, viz., protein kinase R, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α , retinoic acid inducible gene-I and interferon regulatory factor 3/7, thereby increasing IFN- α secretion. CHIKV-induced nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells and tumor necrosis factor- α was also reduced on andrographolide treatment.Conclusion:Andrographolide inhibits CHIKV by suppressing viral protein expression and up-regulating host innate immunity and hence could be an effective therapeutic agent against CHIKV infection.
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Objective: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of andrographolide, a plant derived compound, against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Methods: Using flow cytometry and immunoblotting assay, in vitro viral protein expression was studied in THP-1 cells line. In Balb/c mouse neonates, viral RNA copy number was determined by real time PCR. Results: The results showed reduced CHIKV protein expression on andrographolide treatment in CHIKV-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Vero cells and THP-1 cell line. In vivo, andrographolide treatment to CHIKV-infected neonates reduced viral RNA copy number. Further, andrographolide also increased cytotoxic T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Andrographolide also activated host innate immune pathways, viz., protein kinase R, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α , retinoic acid inducible gene-I and interferon regulatory factor 3/7, thereby increasing IFN- α secretion. CHIKV-induced nuclear factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells and tumor necrosis factor- α was also reduced on andrographolide treatment. Conclusion: Andrographolide inhibits CHIKV by suppressing viral protein expression and up-regulating host innate immunity and hence could be an effective therapeutic agent against CHIKV infection.
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Background & objectives: Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) are relatively uncommon, accounting for 2-3 per cent of primary brain tumours. Majority of these are diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) occurring both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. We undertook this study to classify PCNSL into germinal centre (GC) and non-germinal centre (NGC) type based on Hans classification and to find the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in pathogenesis both by conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Methods: The consecutive cases of PCNSL during a 10 years period were analysed by IHC for CD45, CD20, CD3, B-cell lymphoma 2 and 6 (Bcl-2 and Bcl-6), B-cell specific octamer binding protein-1 (BOB-1), multiple myeloma oncogene-1 (MUM-1), EBV latent-membrane protein 1 (LMP-1), cyclin-D1, CD10, CD5 and CD23, as well as by CISH for EBV. Results: During a period of 10 years, 65 PCNSL were diagnosed which comprised 0.69 per cent (65/9476) of all intracranial tumours. The mean age of presentation was 49 yr with sex ratio (M:F) of 1.4:1. Most common location was supratentorial region with predominant involvement of frontal lobe. Single lesions were seen in 38 (58.4%) and multifocal lesions in 27 (41.5%) patients. None of the patients were immunocompromised. All cases were B cell immunophenotype and were DLBCL except one case of follicular lymphoma. According to Hans classification, majority of them were NGC (n=51, 79.6%) and 13 (20.3%) were GC type. Bcl-2 expression was noted in 34 (52.3%) tumours. EBV was positive in three (4.6%) cases; two were detected both by IHC and CISH and one case by CISH only. Interpretation & conclusions: In Indian population, PCNSL occurs mainly in immunocompetent patients, and a decade earlier than in western population. Immunophenotyping revealed that all cases were DLBCL with predominance of NGC type. No prognostic difference was seen between GC and NGC DLBCL. Association of EBV was rare and this virus was possibly not involved in the pathogenesis of PCNSL in immunocompetent individuals. CISH was an easy, economical and less cumbersome method for detection of EBV in PCNSL.
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Back ground: It is human tendency to obey doctor’s advice to get relief from suffering, however once the symptoms subside they don’t follow instructions. In case of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease the treatment is lifelong and for a quality life the patients suffering with chronic problem should adhere to the treatment guidelines in strict compliance. Unless patient understands the importance of adherence to treatment guidelines it is very difficult to prevent various complications due to diabetes. Objectives: To find out factors responsible for non adherence to treatment and dietary guidelines among type 2 diabetes patients. Materials and methods: 200 known diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic in a teaching hospital were subjected to a pre tested questionnaire and information was collected by interviewing the patients. Results: A total of 200 (101 male and 99 female) patients were studied and assessment of adherence to dietary guidelines and treatment regimen in terms of demographic, anthropometric, nutrition survey, treatment and preventive and personal care was done. Adherence to dietary and treatment guidelines was significantly high in literate group to that of illiterate group, with ‘p’ value < 0.0005. Strong family history in male sex with chi square value after Yates correction 19.49 and ‘p’ value was <0.00001. Gundala S, V.V. Sastry, T. Manmohan, V. Geeta. A study on adherence to dietary guidelines, treatment and preventive care among diabetic patients. IAIM, 2016; 3(5): 166-173. Page 167 Conclusion: Compliance or adherence problems are common in diabetes management. Many factors are potentially related to these problems, including demographic, psychological, social, health care provider and medical system, and disease- and treatment-related factors. Literacy is showing a positive impact as higher the literacy, higher is the adherence for treatment guidelines.
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Background: Meningiomas are the most common benign central nervous system tumors. However, a sizeable fraction recurs, irrespective of histological grade. No molecular marker is available for prediction of recurrence in these tumors. Materials and Methods: We analyzed recurrent meningiomas with paired parent and recurrent tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization for 1p36 and 14q32 deletion, AKT and SMO mutations by sequencing, and immunohistochemistry for GAB1, progesterone receptor (PR), p53, and MIB-1. Results: 18 recurrent meningiomas (11 grade I, 3 grade II, 4 grade III) with their parent tumors (14 grade I, 2 grade II and 2 grade III) were identified. Overall, 61% of parent and 78% of recurrent meningiomas showed 1p/14q co-deletion. Notably, grade I parent tumors showed 1p/14q co-deletion in 64% cases while 82% of grade I recurrent tumors were co-deleted. AKT mutation was seen in two cases, in both parent and recurrent tumors. SMO mutations were absent. GAB1 was immunopositive in 80% parent and 56.3% recurrent tumors. MIB-1 labeling index (LI), PR and p53 expression did not appear to have any significant contribution in possible prediction of recurrence. Conclusion: Identification of 1p/14q co-deletion in a significant proportion of histologically benign (grade I) meningiomas that recurred suggests its utility as a marker for prediction of recurrence. It appears to be a better predictive marker than MIB1-LI, PR and p53 expression. Recognition of AKT mutation in a subset of meningiomas may help identify patients that may benefit from PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors, particularly among those at risk for development of recurrence, as determined by presence of 1p/14q co-deletion.
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In order to retain an undifferentiated pluripotent state, embryonic stem [ES] cells have to be cultured on feeder cell layers. However, use of feeder layers limits stem cell research, since experimental data may result from a combined ES cell and feeder cell response to various stimuli. In this experimental study, a buffalo ES cell line was established from in vitro derived blastocysts and characterized by the Alkaline phosphatase [AP] and immunoflourescence staining of various pluripotency markers. We examined the effect of various factors like fibroblast growth factor 2 [FGF-2], leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF] and Y-27632 to support the growth and maintenance of bubaline ES cells on gelatin coated dishes, in order to establish feeder free culture systems. We also analyzed the effect of feeder-conditioned media on stem cell growth in gelatin based cultures both in the presence as well as in the absence of the growth factors. The results showed that Y-27632, in the presence of FGF-2 and LIF, resulted in higher colony growth and increased expression of Nanog gene. Feeder-Conditioned Medium resulted in a significant increase in growth of buffalo ES cells on gelatin coated plates, however, feeder layer based cultures produced better results than gelatin based cultures. Feeder layers from buffalo fetal fibroblast cells can support buffalo ES cells for more than two years. We developed a feeder free culture system that can maintain buffalo ES cells in the short term, as well as feeder layer based culture that can support the long term maintenance of buffalo ES cells
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This research studies the effects of activation and inhibition of WntSA signaling pathway in buffalo [Bubalus bubalis] embryonic stem [ES] cell-like cells. To carry on this experimental study, the effects of activation and inhibition of WntSA signaling in buffalo ES cell-like cells were examined using Bio [0.5 mM] combined with WNT3A [200 ng/ml], as an activator, and Dickkopf-1 [Dkkl, 250 ng/ml], as an inhibitor, of the pathway. ES cells were cultured up to three weeks in ES cell medium without fibroblast growth factor-2 [FGF-2] and leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF], but in the presence of Bio, WNTSA, Bio+WNT3A and Dkkl. The effects of these supplements were measured on the mean area of ES cell colonies and on the expression levels of a number of important genes related to pluripotency [Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and c-Myc] and the Wnt pathway [p-cateniri]. ES cell colonies cultured in ES cell medium that contained optimized quantities of LIF and FGF-2 were used as the control. Data were collected for week-1 and week-3 treated cultures. In addition, WNT3A-transfected ES cells were compared with the respective mock-transfected colonies, either alone or in combination with Dkkl for expression of fi-catenin and the pluripotency-related genes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, and statistical significance was accepted at P=O.05. Among various examined concentrations of Bio [0.5-5 mM], the optimum effect was observed at the 0.5 mM dose as indicated by colony area and expressions of pluripotency-related genes at both weeks-1 and -3 culture periods. At this concentration,the expressions of Nanog, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc and fl-catenin genes were nonsignificant-ly higher compared to the controls. Expressions of these genes were highest in the Bio+WNT3 A treated group, followed by the WNT3A and Bio-supplemented groups, and lowest in the Dkkl-treated group. The WNT-transfected colonies showed higher expressions compared to both mock and Dkkl-treated mock transfected colonies. WNT3A functions to maintain the pluripotency of ES cell-like cells both as an exogenous growth factor as well as an endogenously expressed gene. It complements the absence of FGF-2 and LIF, otherwise propounded essential for buffalo ES cell culture. WNT3A antagonizes the inhibitory effects of Dkkl and acts in combination with its activator, Bio, to activate the Wnt signaling pathway